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diff --git a/nixpkgs/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.md b/nixpkgs/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8ff97b55f685 --- /dev/null +++ b/nixpkgs/nixos/modules/security/acme/default.md @@ -0,0 +1,354 @@ +# SSL/TLS Certificates with ACME {#module-security-acme} + +NixOS supports automatic domain validation & certificate retrieval and +renewal using the ACME protocol. Any provider can be used, but by default +NixOS uses Let's Encrypt. The alternative ACME client +[lego](https://go-acme.github.io/lego/) is used under +the hood. + +Automatic cert validation and configuration for Apache and Nginx virtual +hosts is included in NixOS, however if you would like to generate a wildcard +cert or you are not using a web server you will have to configure DNS +based validation. + +## Prerequisites {#module-security-acme-prerequisites} + +To use the ACME module, you must accept the provider's terms of service +by setting [](#opt-security.acme.acceptTerms) +to `true`. The Let's Encrypt ToS can be found +[here](https://letsencrypt.org/repository/). + +You must also set an email address to be used when creating accounts with +Let's Encrypt. You can set this for all certs with +[](#opt-security.acme.defaults.email) +and/or on a per-cert basis with +[](#opt-security.acme.certs._name_.email). +This address is only used for registration and renewal reminders, +and cannot be used to administer the certificates in any way. + +Alternatively, you can use a different ACME server by changing the +[](#opt-security.acme.defaults.server) option +to a provider of your choosing, or just change the server for one cert with +[](#opt-security.acme.certs._name_.server). + +You will need an HTTP server or DNS server for verification. For HTTP, +the server must have a webroot defined that can serve +{file}`.well-known/acme-challenge`. This directory must be +writeable by the user that will run the ACME client. For DNS, you must +set up credentials with your provider/server for use with lego. + +## Using ACME certificates in Nginx {#module-security-acme-nginx} + +NixOS supports fetching ACME certificates for you by setting +`enableACME = true;` in a virtualHost config. We first create self-signed +placeholder certificates in place of the real ACME certs. The placeholder +certs are overwritten when the ACME certs arrive. For +`foo.example.com` the config would look like this: + +``` +security.acme.acceptTerms = true; +security.acme.defaults.email = "admin+acme@example.com"; +services.nginx = { + enable = true; + virtualHosts = { + "foo.example.com" = { + forceSSL = true; + enableACME = true; + # All serverAliases will be added as extra domain names on the certificate. + serverAliases = [ "bar.example.com" ]; + locations."/" = { + root = "/var/www"; + }; + }; + + # We can also add a different vhost and reuse the same certificate + # but we have to append extraDomainNames manually beforehand: + # security.acme.certs."foo.example.com".extraDomainNames = [ "baz.example.com" ]; + "baz.example.com" = { + forceSSL = true; + useACMEHost = "foo.example.com"; + locations."/" = { + root = "/var/www"; + }; + }; + }; +} +``` + +## Using ACME certificates in Apache/httpd {#module-security-acme-httpd} + +Using ACME certificates with Apache virtual hosts is identical +to using them with Nginx. The attribute names are all the same, just replace +"nginx" with "httpd" where appropriate. + +## Manual configuration of HTTP-01 validation {#module-security-acme-configuring} + +First off you will need to set up a virtual host to serve the challenges. +This example uses a vhost called `certs.example.com`, with +the intent that you will generate certs for all your vhosts and redirect +everyone to HTTPS. + +``` +security.acme.acceptTerms = true; +security.acme.defaults.email = "admin+acme@example.com"; + +# /var/lib/acme/.challenges must be writable by the ACME user +# and readable by the Nginx user. The easiest way to achieve +# this is to add the Nginx user to the ACME group. +users.users.nginx.extraGroups = [ "acme" ]; + +services.nginx = { + enable = true; + virtualHosts = { + "acmechallenge.example.com" = { + # Catchall vhost, will redirect users to HTTPS for all vhosts + serverAliases = [ "*.example.com" ]; + locations."/.well-known/acme-challenge" = { + root = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges"; + }; + locations."/" = { + return = "301 https://$host$request_uri"; + }; + }; + }; +} +# Alternative config for Apache +users.users.wwwrun.extraGroups = [ "acme" ]; +services.httpd = { + enable = true; + virtualHosts = { + "acmechallenge.example.com" = { + # Catchall vhost, will redirect users to HTTPS for all vhosts + serverAliases = [ "*.example.com" ]; + # /var/lib/acme/.challenges must be writable by the ACME user and readable by the Apache user. + # By default, this is the case. + documentRoot = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges"; + extraConfig = '' + RewriteEngine On + RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off + RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/\.well-known/acme-challenge [NC] + RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301] + ''; + }; + }; +} +``` + +Now you need to configure ACME to generate a certificate. + +``` +security.acme.certs."foo.example.com" = { + webroot = "/var/lib/acme/.challenges"; + email = "foo@example.com"; + # Ensure that the web server you use can read the generated certs + # Take a look at the group option for the web server you choose. + group = "nginx"; + # Since we have a wildcard vhost to handle port 80, + # we can generate certs for anything! + # Just make sure your DNS resolves them. + extraDomainNames = [ "mail.example.com" ]; +}; +``` + +The private key {file}`key.pem` and certificate +{file}`fullchain.pem` will be put into +{file}`/var/lib/acme/foo.example.com`. + +Refer to [](#ch-options) for all available configuration +options for the [security.acme](#opt-security.acme.certs) +module. + +## Configuring ACME for DNS validation {#module-security-acme-config-dns} + +This is useful if you want to generate a wildcard certificate, since +ACME servers will only hand out wildcard certs over DNS validation. +There are a number of supported DNS providers and servers you can utilise, +see the [lego docs](https://go-acme.github.io/lego/dns/) +for provider/server specific configuration values. For the sake of these +docs, we will provide a fully self-hosted example using bind. + +``` +services.bind = { + enable = true; + extraConfig = '' + include "/var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf"; + ''; + zones = [ + rec { + name = "example.com"; + file = "/var/db/bind/${name}"; + master = true; + extraConfig = "allow-update { key rfc2136key.example.com.; };"; + } + ]; +} + +# Now we can configure ACME +security.acme.acceptTerms = true; +security.acme.defaults.email = "admin+acme@example.com"; +security.acme.certs."example.com" = { + domain = "*.example.com"; + dnsProvider = "rfc2136"; + credentialsFile = "/var/lib/secrets/certs.secret"; + # We don't need to wait for propagation since this is a local DNS server + dnsPropagationCheck = false; +}; +``` + +The {file}`dnskeys.conf` and {file}`certs.secret` +must be kept secure and thus you should not keep their contents in your +Nix config. Instead, generate them one time with a systemd service: + +``` +systemd.services.dns-rfc2136-conf = { + requiredBy = ["acme-example.com.service" "bind.service"]; + before = ["acme-example.com.service" "bind.service"]; + unitConfig = { + ConditionPathExists = "!/var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf"; + }; + serviceConfig = { + Type = "oneshot"; + UMask = 0077; + }; + path = [ pkgs.bind ]; + script = '' + mkdir -p /var/lib/secrets + chmod 755 /var/lib/secrets + tsig-keygen rfc2136key.example.com > /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf + chown named:root /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf + chmod 400 /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf + + # extract secret value from the dnskeys.conf + while read x y; do if [ "$x" = "secret" ]; then secret="''${y:1:''${#y}-3}"; fi; done < /var/lib/secrets/dnskeys.conf + + cat > /var/lib/secrets/certs.secret << EOF + RFC2136_NAMESERVER='127.0.0.1:53' + RFC2136_TSIG_ALGORITHM='hmac-sha256.' + RFC2136_TSIG_KEY='rfc2136key.example.com' + RFC2136_TSIG_SECRET='$secret' + EOF + chmod 400 /var/lib/secrets/certs.secret + ''; +}; +``` + +Now you're all set to generate certs! You should monitor the first invocation +by running `systemctl start acme-example.com.service & +journalctl -fu acme-example.com.service` and watching its log output. + +## Using DNS validation with web server virtual hosts {#module-security-acme-config-dns-with-vhosts} + +It is possible to use DNS-01 validation with all certificates, +including those automatically configured via the Nginx/Apache +[`enableACME`](#opt-services.nginx.virtualHosts._name_.enableACME) +option. This configuration pattern is fully +supported and part of the module's test suite for Nginx + Apache. + +You must follow the guide above on configuring DNS-01 validation +first, however instead of setting the options for one certificate +(e.g. [](#opt-security.acme.certs._name_.dnsProvider)) +you will set them as defaults +(e.g. [](#opt-security.acme.defaults.dnsProvider)). + +``` +# Configure ACME appropriately +security.acme.acceptTerms = true; +security.acme.defaults.email = "admin+acme@example.com"; +security.acme.defaults = { + dnsProvider = "rfc2136"; + credentialsFile = "/var/lib/secrets/certs.secret"; + # We don't need to wait for propagation since this is a local DNS server + dnsPropagationCheck = false; +}; + +# For each virtual host you would like to use DNS-01 validation with, +# set acmeRoot = null +services.nginx = { + enable = true; + virtualHosts = { + "foo.example.com" = { + enableACME = true; + acmeRoot = null; + }; + }; +} +``` + +And that's it! Next time your configuration is rebuilt, or when +you add a new virtualHost, it will be DNS-01 validated. + +## Using ACME with services demanding root owned certificates {#module-security-acme-root-owned} + +Some services refuse to start if the configured certificate files +are not owned by root. PostgreSQL and OpenSMTPD are examples of these. +There is no way to change the user the ACME module uses (it will always be +`acme`), however you can use systemd's +`LoadCredential` feature to resolve this elegantly. +Below is an example configuration for OpenSMTPD, but this pattern +can be applied to any service. + +``` +# Configure ACME however you like (DNS or HTTP validation), adding +# the following configuration for the relevant certificate. +# Note: You cannot use `systemctl reload` here as that would mean +# the LoadCredential configuration below would be skipped and +# the service would continue to use old certificates. +security.acme.certs."mail.example.com".postRun = '' + systemctl restart opensmtpd +''; + +# Now you must augment OpenSMTPD's systemd service to load +# the certificate files. +systemd.services.opensmtpd.requires = ["acme-finished-mail.example.com.target"]; +systemd.services.opensmtpd.serviceConfig.LoadCredential = let + certDir = config.security.acme.certs."mail.example.com".directory; +in [ + "cert.pem:${certDir}/cert.pem" + "key.pem:${certDir}/key.pem" +]; + +# Finally, configure OpenSMTPD to use these certs. +services.opensmtpd = let + credsDir = "/run/credentials/opensmtpd.service"; +in { + enable = true; + setSendmail = false; + serverConfiguration = '' + pki mail.example.com cert "${credsDir}/cert.pem" + pki mail.example.com key "${credsDir}/key.pem" + listen on localhost tls pki mail.example.com + action act1 relay host smtp://127.0.0.1:10027 + match for local action act1 + ''; +}; +``` + +## Regenerating certificates {#module-security-acme-regenerate} + +Should you need to regenerate a particular certificate in a hurry, such +as when a vulnerability is found in Let's Encrypt, there is now a convenient +mechanism for doing so. Running +`systemctl clean --what=state acme-example.com.service` +will remove all certificate files and the account data for the given domain, +allowing you to then `systemctl start acme-example.com.service` +to generate fresh ones. + +## Fixing JWS Verification error {#module-security-acme-fix-jws} + +It is possible that your account credentials file may become corrupt and need +to be regenerated. In this scenario lego will produce the error `JWS verification error`. +The solution is to simply delete the associated accounts file and +re-run the affected service(s). + +``` +# Find the accounts folder for the certificate +systemctl cat acme-example.com.service | grep -Po 'accounts/[^:]*' +export accountdir="$(!!)" +# Move this folder to some place else +mv /var/lib/acme/.lego/$accountdir{,.bak} +# Recreate the folder using systemd-tmpfiles +systemd-tmpfiles --create +# Get a new account and reissue certificates +# Note: Do this for all certs that share the same account email address +systemctl start acme-example.com.service +``` |