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diff --git a/nixpkgs/nixos/tests/sane.nix b/nixpkgs/nixos/tests/sane.nix
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+++ b/nixpkgs/nixos/tests/sane.nix
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+import ./make-test-python.nix ({ pkgs, ... }:
+/*
+  SANE NixOS test
+  ===============
+  SANE is intrisically tied to hardware, so testing it is not straightforward.
+  However:
+  - a fake webcam can be created with v4l2loopback
+  - sane has a backend (v4l) to use a webcam as a scanner
+  This test creates a webcam /dev/video0, streams a still image with some text
+  through this webcam, uses SANE to scan from the webcam, and uses OCR to check
+  that the expected text was scanned.
+*/
+let
+  text = "66263666188646651519653683416";
+  fontsConf = pkgs.makeFontsConf {
+    fontDirectories = [
+      pkgs.dejavu_fonts.minimal
+    ];
+  };
+  # an image with black on white text spelling "${text}"
+  # for some reason, the test fails if it's jpg instead of png
+  # the font is quite large to make OCR easier
+  image = pkgs.runCommand "image.png"
+    {
+      # only imagemagickBig can render text
+      nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.imagemagickBig ];
+      FONTCONFIG_FILE = fontsConf;
+    } ''
+    magick -pointsize 100 label:${text} $out
+  '';
+in
+{
+  name = "sane";
+  nodes.machine = { pkgs, config, ... }: {
+    boot = {
+      # create /dev/video0 as a fake webcam whose content is filled by ffmpeg
+      extraModprobeConfig = ''
+        options v4l2loopback devices=1 max_buffers=2 exclusive_caps=1 card_label=VirtualCam
+      '';
+      kernelModules = [ "v4l2loopback" ];
+      extraModulePackages = [ config.boot.kernelPackages.v4l2loopback ];
+    };
+    systemd.services.fake-webcam = {
+      wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
+      description = "fill /dev/video0 with ${image}";
+      /* HACK: /dev/video0 is a v4l2 only device, it misses one single v4l1
+      ioctl, VIDIOCSPICT. But sane only supports v4l1, so it will log that this
+      ioctl failed, and assume that the pixel format is Y8 (gray). So we tell
+      ffmpeg to produce this pixel format.
+      */
+      serviceConfig.ExecStart = [ "${pkgs.ffmpeg}/bin/ffmpeg -framerate 30 -re -stream_loop -1 -i ${image} -f v4l2 -pix_fmt gray /dev/video0" ];
+    };
+    hardware.sane.enable = true;
+    system.extraDependencies = [ image ];
+    environment.systemPackages = [
+      pkgs.fswebcam
+      pkgs.tesseract
+      pkgs.v4l-utils
+    ];
+    environment.variables.SANE_DEBUG_V4L = "128";
+  };
+  testScript = ''
+    start_all()
+    machine.wait_for_unit("fake-webcam.service")
+
+    # the device only appears when ffmpeg starts producing frames
+    machine.wait_until_succeeds("scanimage -L | grep /dev/video0")
+
+    machine.succeed("scanimage -L >&2")
+
+    with subtest("debugging: /dev/video0 works"):
+      machine.succeed("v4l2-ctl --all >&2")
+      machine.succeed("fswebcam --no-banner /tmp/webcam.jpg")
+      machine.copy_from_vm("/tmp/webcam.jpg", "webcam")
+
+    # scan with the webcam
+    machine.succeed("scanimage -o /tmp/scan.png >&2")
+    machine.copy_from_vm("/tmp/scan.png", "scan")
+
+    # the image should contain "${text}"
+    output = machine.succeed("tesseract /tmp/scan.png -")
+    print(output)
+    assert "${text}" in output, f"expected text ${text} was not found, OCR found {output!r}"
+  '';
+})